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A SET OF FOUR ILLUSTRATED FOLIOS FROM A JAIN KALPASUTRA MANUSCRIPT, GUJARAT, 15TH CENTURY
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04月17日 下午5点 开拍 /15天1小时
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A SET OF FOUR ILLUSTRATED FOLIOS FROM A JAIN KALPASUTRA MANUSCRIPT, GUJARAT, 15TH CENTURYWestern India. Watercolors, gold, and ink on paper.These four double-sided illustrations of the Kalpasutra are very finely painted to depict legends from the lives of the Jinas, with a particular focus on the story of Mahavira. (4)Provenance: An old private collection in Vienna, Austria. Zacke, Vienna, circa 1990. A private collection in Austria, acquired from the above and thence by descent. Collection of Prema Goet, acquired from the above. Prema Goet is a multi-disciplinary researcher in the culture and languages of South Asia. He holds a degree in South Asian Studies and Sanskrit from SOAS, where he also obtained his master's degree in philosophy and religion. Prema works with practitioners from India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, documenting and producing works on tantric rituals, the worship of goddesses, and yogic practices.Condition: Very good condition overall with old wear, little creasing, three leaves with a central fold, light soiling, one leaf is a fragment. Dimensions: Size 35 x 25 cm (the folder), 11.5 x 26 cm (the three non-fragmented folios), 11.5 x 11.5 (the fragmented folio)All mounted in a cardboard folder with old Zacke catalog descriptions below each image.The Kalpasutra (Book of Ritual), the main canonical text in Jainism, was believed to have been composed in the fourth century BC with numerous extrapolations added over the following millennia. It relates accounts of the lives of the 24 jinas (Conquerors) of the Jain faith, including a detailed biography of Mahavira, the last jina. The text also codifies guidelines for ascetics to follow during the monsoon season, when they rest from their travels. These teachings are read and observed by Svetambara Jains during the annual eight-day festival of Paryushan.Most of the leaves in the present manuscript depict scenes from the Jina Mahavira's life. According to legend, for his final rebirth, Mahavira was to be born to Devananda, a Brahmin woman. However, Indra was determined that Jinas must be born from the Kshatriya or warrior class alone. Therefore, he commanded his deer-headed general, Harinegamesi, to switch the embryos between Devananda and Queen Trishala, the pregnant wife of King Siddhartha. Queen Trishala then had fourteen auspicious dreams signifying that she would give birth to a jina. She became mother to Mahavira who distinguished himself as an ideal son from the very beginning of his gestation in her womb. At the age of 33, upon the demise of his parents, Mahavira renounced his worldly possessions and embraced a life of asceticism.During the twelfth century, King Kumarapala the Solanki ruler of Gujarat, who was an ardent Jain, commissioned and distributed hundreds of copies of the Kalpasutra to propagate the faith throughout his realm. The early texts were illustrated and written on palm-leaf which was replaced with paper in the fifteenth century. The elongated proportions of the palm leaves were, however, maintained to create manuscripts in horizontal format, such as the present lot.With the passage of time innumerable such manuscripts illustrating the Kalpasutra and a closely related text, the Kalakacaryakatha, were commissioned by the increasingly wealthy Jain mercantile community in Western India, to accumulate merit for themselves and their forbears. These texts were housed in temple libraries (bhandars) and over time, the act of worshiping such sacred books (jnanapuja) became part of Jain ritual practice itself.Literature comparison:Compare a closely related Jain folio from the Kalpasutra, dated to the 15th century, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, object number 55.121.38.23. Compare a closely related folio from the Kalpasutra, dated c. 1480-1490, in the Art Institute of Chicago, reference number 1982.1310.Auction result comparison: Type: Closely related Auction: Sotheby's London, 26 October 2022, lot 66 Price: GBP 47,880 or approx.?EUR 66,500 (for one) converted and adjusted for inflation at the time of writing : An illustration to a Kalpasutra manuscript: the future Jina Mahavira in procession, accompanied by a vast throng of gods and men, India, Gujarat, circa 1475-1500Expert remark: Compare the closely related manner of painting and subject. This folio is also from the Kalpasutra.

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