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A BRONZE FIGURE OF A SEATED MALE DEITY, GOA MADE, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA, 1ST MILLENNIUM BC-1ST
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04月16日 下午5点 开拍 /14天2小时
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A BRONZE FIGURE OF A SEATED MALE DEITY, GOA MADE, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA, 1ST MILLENNIUM BC-1ST MILLENNIUM ADPublished: Claudio Giardino, Massimo Vidale, and Gian Luca Bonora (editors), Goa Made - An Archeological Discovery, Rome, 2012, p. 235, no. 194.Indonesia. Finely cast and modeled in the round with a hollow interior, depicting a compact, stylized human figure seated with legs drawn up, the sole of the feet touching, and arms folded across the torso. The head is broad with a smoothly rounded scalp, heavy-lidded eyes framed by a pronounced brow ridge, and a gently curved mouth that imparts a serene expression. Prominent ears flank the face, while the facial features are minimally articulated. Provenance: From the collection of Paolo Bertuzzi. Paolo Bertuzzi (1943-2022) was a fashion stylist from Bologna, Italy, and the son of Enrichetta Bertuzzi, founder of Hettabretz, a noted Italian fashion company with customers such as the Rothschild family, Audrey Hepburn, and Elizabeth Taylor. Paolo Bertuzzi later took over his mother's business and designed exclusive pieces, some of which were exhibited in the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum in New York, USA. He was also an avid collector of antiques for more than 60 years. His collection includes both archaic and contemporary art, and he edited two important books about Asian art, Goa Made - An Archaeological Discovery, about a large-scale archaeological project carried out with the Italian and Indonesian governments, and Majapahit, Masterpieces from a Forgotten Kingdom. Condition: Good condition, commensurate with age. Expected wear, signs of prolonged burial, few minor losses. The base closed. The surface bears a rich, naturally grown, dark patina with areas of malachite encrustation, consistent with age and exposure.Weight: 1.6 kg Dimensions: Height 30 cmGua (or Goa) Made, situated to the north of the Brantas River in East Java, came to wider attention in the late 1990s through the activities of Anacleto Spazzapan, an Italian archaeologist, designer, and collector of ethnographic and folk art who frequently travelled to Indonesia. Introduced to the site in 1999, Spazzapan reportedly recovered sample fragments of fired clay, which were submitted to Arcadia Laboratories in Milan for thermoluminescence testing. Official investigations followed in 2001 and 2006, undertaken by the Bureau for the Archaeological Conservation of East Java (BACEJ), with the later campaign supported by Paolo Bertuzzi, then owner of the present lot and an active patron of research at the site. Reported finds include imported glazed ceramics, Chinese copper-alloy coins, and a group of distinctive bronze heads and masks, among them the present example. Thermoluminescence testing of terracotta architectural elements has been interpreted by some as indicating a date in the early first millennium BC, a proposal that, if substantiated, would significantly alter current understandings of early monumental activity in East Java, where the earliest securely dated stone temples are generally assigned to the 8th-9th century AD.In 2007, a joint Italian-Indonesian archaeological team undertook more extensive excavations at Gua Made, bringing to light a previously unrecognized shaft and a complex subterranean architectural system. The integrated layout of the structure suggests deliberate planning and coordinated construction, implying organized communal participation in both its creation and use. In the years that followed, differing interpretations of the site's chronology and function emerged among scholars associated with the project. In 2010, Andreas M. Steiner and Massimo Vidale, writing in the Italian journal Archeo, expressed support for an early first-millennium BC date based on the available evidence. In the same year, however, Fiorella Rispoli, in an article for World Archaeology, questioned the reliability of certain thermoluminescence results and proposed instead a post-10th-century AD dating for the bronze heads. She further suggested that the subterranean complex may have functioned as a water-management system, though this interpretation does not fully account for the presence of the bronze heads, which appear to relate to established East Javanese religious traditions. The debate remains unresolved. While some scholars have been persuaded by the early dating proposed by Steiner and Vidale, others remain cautious, noting methodological uncertainties and the need for further controlled excavation and scientific testing before a definitive chronology can be established.

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