size：46 × 61 cm. 18 1/8 × 24 in. 款識
74荼（右下）青島雪松 吳冠中（畫背）
出版
1996年，《吳冠中畫選：60's - 90's》，中國三峽出版社，北京，第87頁，圖版66
2007年，《吳冠中全集：第二卷》，湖南美術出版社，長沙，第267頁 Signed in Chinese and dated on bottom right; titled and signed in Chinese on the reverse
LITERATURE
1996, Art of Wu Guanzhong: 60's - 90's, China Three Gorges Publishing House, Beijing, p. 87, pl. 66
2007, The Complete Works of Wu Guanzhong, vol. II, Hunan Art Publishing House, Changsha, p. 267 來源
亞洲重要私人收藏
雪松凌雲志，伴我藝長青
吳冠中珍稀唯一雪松油畫卓然輝現
「樹不僅是生命的標誌，也是藝術的標誌。生命之樹長青，其實是藝術生命長青，人總是要死去的，藝術才能跨越時代。」
——吳冠中
「藝術的成長有如松柏，作者的心路歷程決定作品的定位。」在吳冠中奉於美學的一生中，他以傳統文化的滋養為根，視「調和中西」為骨幹，在「油畫民族化」和「國畫現代化」的雙重理念澆灌中，開出形式美、意境美的香花，並結下「水陸兼程」、「風箏不斷線」的碩果，以半世紀執著不懈的耕耘，在美育的土壤上，種下了一棵萬古長青的參天大樹。
從1947年杭州國立藝專畢業後考取第一名公費留學法國，到1950年毅然告別巴黎同窗回國傳播美學；從60年代下放農村卻堅持以「糞筐」作畫、70年代重獲自由時噴薄的創作靈感，到80年代廣獲展約、揚名國際，至1992年大英博物館破例為其舉辦首個在世華人藝術家展。吳冠中立於二十世紀後半葉古今中外的立交橋頭，以一生如古木般的不屈與堅守、希望與追求，終而找到了通往東西南北的廣闊天地。是次呈現吳冠中完成於1974年的油畫精品《青島雪松》，正是以「松」之凌雲貞心寫其自我人格之化身，不啻為其生命意志、藝術精神的終極寫照！
咬定青山不放鬆的傲然藝魂
70年代油畫黃金爆發期的藝術新生
《青島雪松》誕生的70年代，是吳冠中油畫創作最為多產而臻於鼎盛的黃金時期。1972年，他結束了長達六年的禁畫令，被獲准於假日時作畫，儘管文革尚未結束，但其藝卻迎來了否極泰來的轉機。在該年末，他從下放的河北李村回到北京、與家人重聚，自此全身心投入創作，其自述道：「畫架支在荒坡上，空山無人，心境寧靜，畫裡乾坤，忘卻人間煩惱，一站八小時，不吃不喝，這旺盛的精力，這樣的幸福，太難得。」除將身邊景物納入創作外，他並牢牢把握每一次出行寫生、實地考察的楔機，如1973年春，他接受北京飯店巨幅壁畫《長江萬里圖》的委任，與藝術家袁運甫、祝大年、黃永玉共赴長江一帶采風；1975年再度受命赴青島四方機車廠，為坦贊鐵路總統車廂作風景畫，由此藉機至山東的龍鬚島、青島嶗山等地考察。而因70年代吳冠中任教於北京中央工藝美院，排課以單元制進行，課餘假期間便可離京出遊寫生。臨近的山東沿海一帶，便成為吳冠中時常前往的避暑寫生之地。經歷人生的風雨動蕩，豐富而嶄新的生活面貌令他得以忘我地投入創作，藝術熱情並全然煥發，在彼時有限的物質條件下創作出最為豐富、動人的藝術精品。《青島雪松》便是此一重要人生節點的珍稀油彩之作。
青島系列唯一「雪松」主題精品
在70年代中期，吳冠中曾多次赴青島寫生，除1975年坦贊鐵路委任創作的青島之行外，1976年春，他帶學生赴山東教學寫生，途徑嶗山、泰山等地，同年夏天並赴中糧集團擔任對外宣傳工作的張俠之邀至青島避暑。青島標誌性的紅樓、海浪礁石、山石奇樹等風光，便成為其筆下源源不盡的靈感。在吳冠中的畢生創作中，以「青島風景」為題的油畫作品豐富多元，共有11件，除1998年回憶青島嶗山風景所作的《嶗山松石》之外，其餘的10件皆完成於1974至1976年間，當中的《嶗山松石》、《青島紅樓》兩作已分別獲中國美術館和上海中華藝術宮收藏，足見此系列創作備受認可的美學高度。是次所呈現之《青島雪松》完成於1974年，為吳老第一件以青島風景為題的創作，更是其畢生中唯一一件以「雪松」為描繪對象的作品，構圖大氣飽滿，筆法靈動跌宕，實屬精品之作。而此作更有一幅已為上海中華藝術宮收藏的鋼筆手稿《青島雪松》，在構圖上與之呼應，吳冠中以不同媒材回溯此地景貌，足見其對此景色的喜愛、重視，可謂其念念不忘、灌注心力神魂之重要繪畫典範！
英雄起舞，凝萃千秋
自成一格的七寶松圖
「青松在東園，眾草沒其姿，凝霜殄異類，卓然見高枝。」
——魏晉詩人陶淵明《飲酒?其八》
「60年江湖生涯，老樹最是莫逆之交。」踏遍天南地北，「松樹」可以說是吳冠中長年不輟的關照客體，他曾將故宮之白皮松、嶗山的石間松、黃山之迎客松、秦山五大夫松，一一攝入畫中，松形象之巍、枝幹之密，與其創作上重視點線結構的理念極為契合，而松之精神風骨更是其個人藝術精神的寫照。在70年代他一連創作13件以「松」為題之油畫，此後以「松」為題的水墨、速寫之作，如《松魂》、《臥松》更層出不窮，足見其對「松」發乎心底的獨有鍾情。然而在其中，作為唯一以枝繁葉茂、狀若寶塔的「雪松」為創作對象的油彩作品，1974年的《青島雪松》在其筆下自成一格，具獨樹一幟之風采。
觀此作，七棵寶松以拔地倚天的磅礴構圖，於天地之間漸次排開，前後錯落如北斗七星，連為一體，更似潛龍出淵，卓然自立，呈現一躍青天的強大動勢！隨著寶塔般的樹冠層層展開，綿密的枝葉以千軍萬馬的姿態奔騰而出，或是縱直一字排開，如列兵般整齊劃一，或是斜上迎風昂揚，伸向無盡天涯，非以虬崛奇姿示人，卻見武者威凜風範。恰如其分地展現清代大家石濤之語：「其勢似英雄起舞，俯仰蹲立，蹁躚跌宕。」
作為青島的市樹，雪松原本生長在阿富汗至印度喜馬拉雅1500至3200米的高緯度山上，如其名般飽經霜雪，仍傲然挺立，凝翠千秋。在阿拉伯古文明中，雪松並代表著「精神和靈性的力量」，具有淨化、治癒的功能。而在雪松身上，吳冠中發掘其立地參天、蒼翠常青、如具高風亮節的姿態，正契合了中國文人的意志精神。思及南朝詩人范雲「凌風知勁節，負雪見貞心」、清代文人鄭板橋「咬定青山不放鬆」、毛主席「青松怒向蒼天發」的詩詞，吳冠中在此作中，以七棵雪松作為畫中的形象主幹，借「七」所代表之圓滿、尊貴、博大之意和藏傳佛教中寓意吉祥的「七寶石」，寫松之風骨、松之樹魂，道出傲立天地、不同凡響的生命人格。
致廣大而盡精微，於無聲處聽驚雷
千軍萬馬的勁筆之勢
「一群雪松，佇立的將士，鑄成堅而不摧的堡壘，強勁之線構成無窮之面，展開的臂膀於腿腳，無限的枝葉構成千軍萬馬之勢。耐心刻畫，著眼於整體磅礴氣勢，必須意識到為致廣大而盡精微。」
——吳冠中
細觀用筆，並可見吳老在作品中灌注著強大的定力、耐力，他牢牢抓住雪松「密」與「濃」的兩大特點，以如「鐵畫銀鉤」般綿力澎湃的筆勢，自油彩筆刷的層層律動中，連綿不絕地鋪展出雪松雄渾蒼勁的姿態。帶著筆勢的線條如書法般一氣呵成，以毫無斷改的腕力，寫就樹木枝條柔中帶剛的特質。而當中每一道細筆所描繪之針葉更是道道分明，不見一絲錯亂。其以綿密緊緻的節奏，快速地在畫面上排開根根針葉，將其蒼茂之態生動地躍現。而其下的樹幹亦並非一筆蔽之，而是經由兩至三筆由一左一右方向上疊加，形塑出古木粗實遒勁的強烈立體感。
應和線之起舞，點亦迸發著鮮活的情態，當中明亮的翠綠、銘黃、青、赭之彩點，紛紛然飛向林蔭之間，在翠色中煥發蓬勃生機；與之呼應的，則是下方郊遊踏青的人們。冠中在此以紅、藍、白、黃的鮮明色點，以簡馭繁地寫出人形，當中的色彩若點燃一簇簇生命的火光，塑造獨特的生命情味。而存於枝葉中的點點留白，更在縱向上作出空間之延展，正契合吳冠中之言「密不透風，難在密而透風」，在錯落有致中，彰顯松葉的「至密至濃」。曲直交錯，俯仰呼應，或提或頓，或平或斜，在跌宕起伏中，點與線偕同共譜出一曲樹之頌的旋律，正是「層層疊疊吐葳蕤，於無聲處聽驚雷」的最佳寫照！
蒼色蔥蘢，綠韻盎然
水陸並進的中西之道
而立於吳冠中1974年「水陸兼程」、油彩與水墨並進的起點，《青島雪松》一作更意在以綠為主色調的刻畫中，和傳統繪畫「墨分五色」、皴法的概念相融匯，以西方之油彩造就中國水墨的純粹色感和悠長韻味。當中，吳老細心觀察著每一棵樹的身段、體態與特徵，透過高低參差、不同光影明暗面的安排，以輕細的針筆點染深淺不一的黃綠、青綠、鉻綠、墨綠、橄欖綠，層層鋪開著雪松老葉新芽、粗幹細枝的錯落色形之美，此正與松之蓬勃、繁茂、蒼勁、滄桑、長青的精神一一呼應。伴隨連動綿密的筆勢，書畫中的披麻皴、牛毛皴、米點皴的骨法之寫，亦反鋪於畫作中，以深棕、赭石、咖啡、玄青，營造出空間上的深度和豐茂的質感，並與多階綠彩的再度疊加，塑造出如李唐《萬壑松風圖》般深厚大氣的視覺感知。立於湛藍的晴空和米褐的大地之間，雪松之綠意愈發深濃，映照出一脈相承的生命力量。在這富饒東方詩情的刻寫中，作品寓傳統於現代，以筆力的馳騁幻化色彩之豐盈，精繪樹之豐茂風骨。無論外在形式，抑或內在精神，皆深刻反映了吳冠中在東西美學融合間的至臻高度，極為精彩！
萬古長青的藝術人格
吳冠中傾畢生心力，探求在藝術中展現「風箏不斷線」、連接生活情味的理想，於他而言，雪松不僅是生命的標誌，更是人格之寫照，是連接其藝其心的精神所在。《青島雪松》所展現的，正是這人與自然間相比映照的畫境。
畫中的七棵雪松，姿態不一，粗實者如頭角崢嶸的中堅力量，向上支撐起一片天地，纖細者則如青出於藍而勝於藍的新生希望，葉冠層疊、枝條昂揚，於大地上投射下連綿樹影，生發連動之美。而樹與樹之間的枝枝叉叉，彷彿是攜手相連的夥伴，共構出一片森林，呼應著浮彩點點的攢動人影。而伴隨踏青之人的歡快身影遠去，那後景中的成片樹林便在這根脈相連中悄然浮現，足以道盡雪松生命力的綿延：自上，高聳參天，自下，根繫大地，在天地之間，冠蓋四野，哪怕獨立迎風，腳下依然根深地廣。
青松出高地，伴我向天涯。古樹經歷千年歲月依舊鬱鬱蒼蒼，見證著生活在這天地中鮮活、明媚的人們，他們即便無法如松柏萬古長青，亦可在這一期一會的生命中，創造著自我的永恆價值。誠如開篇對吳老的引述，「生命之樹長青」，其實是藝術生命長青，人之身死，藝術卻可跨越時代。踏遍千山萬水，網羅天下奇景，寫下生命畫卷，這是吳老的藝術生涯。他以此作之松魂，化為自我的藝術人格，道出心中的至臻理想：無畏世事變遷，無懼一切風雨，我自凌雲直上，巋立天地，美學長青不朽，藝術真情亦必永駐人間！ PROVENANCE
Important Private Collection, Asia
Towering Cedar Trees Accompany My Evergreen Art
Outstanding Sole Cedar Tree Oil Painting by Wu Guanzhong
“Trees are not only a sign of life, they are also a symbol of art. The tree of life is evergreen, as it is artistic life, but the artist always has to die for art to transcend an era.”
——Wu Guanzhong
After graduating from the National College of Art in Hangzhou, China, in 1947, Wu Guanzhong passed an exam to become the number one publicly funded Chinese student to study in France. In 1950, he said goodbye to his classmates in Paris and returned to China to teach what he had learned about aesthetics. In the 1960s, he was sent down to the countryside, but still insisted on painting and used “manure baskets” to do so, only to be filled with gushing artistic inspiration on receiving his freedom in the 1970s. Wu was invited to hold art exhibitions and became internationally renowned in the 1980s, holding the first ever solo exhibition by a living Chinese artist at the British Museum in 1992. In many ways, from the second half of the 20th century Wu served as a bridge between past and present, China and the rest of the world. He spent his entire life like an old tree, unyielding and enduring, embracing hope and pursuits, and ultimately discovered a vast expanse connecting the world. On this occasion, the work being auctioned is the oil painting Deodars of Qingdao completed in 1974, in which the artist employs the towering sincerity of the “pine tree” as both an embodiment of his own character and the ultimate reflection of his belief in life and artistic spirit.
An Unyielding Artistic Spirit, Like Trees Deeply Rooted in Mountains
New Artistic Life During an Oil Painting Golden Age in the 1970s
Deodars of Qingdao was painted in the 1970s, a golden age when Wu Guanzhong produced most of his oil paintings and masterpieces. In 1972, Wu came to the end of a six-year ban forbidding him from painting and was henceforth allowed to paint during vacations. After returning to Beijing from Li village in rural Hebei Province where he had been sent and reunited with family, Wu dedicated himself to painting. Other than including the scenery he saw in his paintings the artist also seized every opportunity presented to paint from nature and investigate the areas he visited. For example, in the spring of 1973 Wu was commissioned to paint a huge mural for the Beijing Hotel titled The Ten-thousand-li Landscape of the Yangtze River, which he used to visit the Yangtze and paint landscapes; in 1975, he was ordered to paint a landscape painting for the presidential train carriage on the Tazara Railway at Qingdao Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock Co. Ltd. and made use of the opportunity to visit nearby Longxudao and Mount Lao. As such, when Wu worked as a teacher at Academy of Arts & Design in Beijing in the 1970s his class schedule was arranged in such a way that when not teaching he was able to leave Beijing and paint from real life. As a result, he often visited coastal areas in Shandong Province to avoid the summer heat of Beijing and paint from real life. After the vicissitudes of his life, Wu Guanzhong enthusiastically threw himself into the brand-new life he had been given, his passion for art rekindled. Even with the limited material conditions at that time, he was still able to paint rich and moving works of art. Deodars of Qingdao is a rare oil painting from this important period in the artist's life.
The Only “Cedar Pine” Motif Work in the Qingdao Series
In the mid-1970s, Wu Guanzhong visited Qingdao to paint on multiple occasions. Following a visit in 1975, in the spring of 1976 Wu took his students to Shandong to teach them how to paint from real life and they visited Mount Lao and Mount Tai. Later the same year he was invited by Zhang Xia, who worked in external marketing for China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Corporation to spend the summer in Qingdao. The iconic red buildings, wave-reefs and strangely shaped trees in the mountains became a source of unending inspiration for the artist. Of all the works Wu painted in his artistic career he produced only 11 oil paintings with a “Qingdao landscape” motif and other than Pines and Rocks on the Lao Mountains (1998) which recollects the landscapes of Mount Lao near Qingdao, the other 10 works were all completed from 1974-1976. Indeed, from this series, Pines and Rocks on the Lao Mountains and Red Chambers of Qingdao are now in the collection of the National Art Museum of China and the Shanghai China Art Museum, respectively, an indication of the high esteem with which this series is held. Deodars of Qingdao was the first Qingdao landscape the artist finished as well as the only piece he ever painted that depicted “cedar pines.” Moreover, there is also a pen manuscript of the work in the Shanghai China Art Museum collection, which compositionally echoes the auctioned piece. The fact that Wu Guanzhong used many different materials to revisit landscape scenes from this area is an indication of his love for the subject matter and how important it was to him. Indeed, one could reasonably say it was an important painting archetype into which he poured his heart and soul.
Heroes Dancing, Essence of the Ages
Unique Seven Treasures Pines
“After 60 years as an artist, old trees are the closest of friends.” Despite traveling the world, “pines trees” were a subject in which Wu Guanzhong never lost interest. He included in his paintings white-barked pines from the Forbidden City, pines between rocks in Mount Lao, visitor welcoming pines from Mount Huang and Wu Dafu pines from Mount Qin. In the 1970s, Wu painted 13 consecutive oil paintings with “pine trees” as the motif, but it was only Deodars of Qingdao that featured “cedar pines” with such luxuriant foliage that resembled pagodas.
The majestic composition of this work is comprised of seven towering pines that reach into the heavens, gradually spreading out, with the front and back seemingly strewn at random but as with the seven stars of the Big Dipper combine to create a greater whole. They are perhaps even more akin to a dragon hiding in deep waters, brilliantly and majestically showcasing a great power about to leap into the heavens. As the layers of pagoda-like tree tops open up, the dense branches and pine needles rush forth like a powerful army, or arrays of soldiers arranged in a straight line, the branches and pine needles greeting the wind in high spirits at an angle, stretching into the boundless distance, never twisting back and forth and imbued with the majestic demeanor of a warrior. The seven cedar pines are the main focus in the painting which is used to convey perfection, honour and vastness as represented by the Chinese word “seven,” as well as the auspicious “seven treasures” in Tibetan Buddhism, in a reference to imposing life character.
Vast and Detailed, Thunder in the Silence
Brushstrokes Infused with Strength
If we look at the brushwork in more detail one can see the way in which Wu infuses the work with great concentration and endurance. He firmly seizes the “density” and “thickness” of the cedar pines, employing the surging strength of calligraphic brushwork-like vigorous touches and fine strokes, continuously presenting the strength hidden in the softness of the cedar pine branches through the layered rhythm of free strokes. Each pine needle depicted with fine strokes is particularly clear, the firm dense rhythm quickly opening up the scene. The lower tree trunks are comprised of two to three strokes, one left, one right, one on top of the other, crafting a powerful three dimensional effect that exquisitely reflects the roughness and strength of the ancient trees.
In response to the dancing movements of the lines, the dots also exude a freshness of spirit, with the bright lush green, yellow, cyan and ocher coloured spots, all flying between the branches and replete with vigor. In the lower part of the work, the people on an outing are depicted in red, blue, white, and yellow dots, appearing as simple complex shapes, as if lighting a series of life fires that create distinctive individual lives. At the same time, the white blank spaces left among the trees and branches, represent an extension of space along the vertical axis, which perfectly reflects what Wu Guanzhong meant when he said: “In painting something dense the hardest thing is to make it not seem dense and still able to breathe.” The haphazard order highlights the “denseness and thickness” of the pine needles and this is perhaps the perfect depiction of “thunder in the silence.”
Pale and Verdant, Exuberant Green Rhymes
A Path to Eastern and Western Integration - Oil and Water
Deodars of Qingdao represents the starting point for Wu Guanzhong's “combination of oil and ink” but it is perhaps even more interesting to note that although green is the main colour in the work, it is blended with the “five different colours of black ink” and Cun Fa (wrinkle method) from traditional Chinese painting. Wu observes in great detail the posture and features of each tree, using their uneven height, different light/shade arrangements and light needle strokes that light up the different shades of yellow-green, blue-green, yellow-green, black-green and olive green, thereby creating layers of old leaves and new buds on the cedar pines. The beauty of the scattered colours and forms of the rough trunks and fine branches echo the vitality, lushness, vigor, weathering, and evergreen spirit of the trees. The use of hemp fiber texture strokes, ox hair texture strokes and mi-dot texture strokes from painting and calligraphy are also reproduced in the painting as deep brown, ocher, coffee, and deep black hues, creating a visual perception that has a depth of atmosphere reminiscent of Li Tang's (1066-1150) Windy Pines Among Myriad Valleys. Between the azure blue sky and beige earth, the lush greenness of the cedar pine trees becomes even thicker, reflecting the highest achievement in Wu's efforts to combine Eastern and Western aesthetics, creating something truly exciting.
Evergreen Artistic Character
Wu Guanzhong dedicated his life to the exploration of how best to showcase the “unbroken string of the kite” through his art, connected to the ideals of life sentiment. For him cedar pines were not merely symbols of life but also a portrayal of human character, a spiritual depositary connected to his heart and art.
The seven cedar pine trees in the painting are different in shape and posture, with the thicker sturdier trees like a main force standing lofty and upright, reaching upwards and holding up the sky; in contrast, the smaller and finer trees are like a new hope surpassing what came before, with accumulated leaf-crowns and high spirited branches, casting continuous shadows on the ground that speak to the beauty of interconnected movement. Moreover, the intertwined branches between the trees are like partners holding hands, engaged in building a forest together, an echo of the human silhouettes made up of floating coloured dots. Indeed, in concert with the silhouettes of the people on outings in the distance, the forest in the background quietly emerges connected by root veins, in a way that highlights the extended life vitality of the cedar pines.
Ancient trees have lived for thousands of years but remain extremely luxuriant, showcasing the fact that although we do not share the longevity of the pine trees people can still use their one and only life to create lasting value. Wu Guanzhong observed: “the tree of life is evergreen,” as too is artistic life. This means that although an artist might pass away, art transcends time and space.
CONDITIONS OF BUSINESS FOR BUYERS The following provisions may be amended by public notice or verbal notifi cation during the auction. By bidding at the auction, the Bidder agrees to be bound by the following provisions. Article 1 China Guardian (Hong Kong) Auctions Co., Ltd. as the Auction Agent Unless otherwise provided, China Guardian (Hong Kong) Auctions Co., Ltd. shall serve as the Seller’s agent. The contract for the sale of the Auction Property shall be the contract between the Seller and the Buyer. These Conditions, the Conditions of Business for Sellers, and all other terms, conditions and notices contained in the catalogue, announced by the Auctioneer or provided in the auction venue in the form of an announcement shall constitute the terms agreed among the Seller, the Buyer and/or China Guardian (Hong Kong) Auctions Co., Ltd. as the auction agent. Article 2 Defi nitions and Explanations 1. The following terms herein shall have the meanings assigned to them below: (1) “Company” means China Guardian (Hong Kong) Auctions Co., Ltd.; (2) “China Guardian” means China Guardian Auctions Co., Ltd., with its domicile at 3/F, Offi ce Area, Guardian Art Center, No.1 Wangfujing Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; (3) “Seller” means any person, company, body corporate or entity that offers Auction Property for sale. Unless otherwise stated or specifi cally required by the context, the term “Seller” herein shall include the Seller’s agent (excluding the Company), executor or personal representative; (4) “Bidder” means any person, company, body corporate or entity that contemplates, makes or attempts a bid in any manner. Unless otherwise stated or specifi cally required by the context, the term “Bidder” herein shall include the Bidder’s agent; (5) “Buyer” means the Bidder, including the principal of a person bidding as an agent, the highest bid or off er of whom is accepted by the Auctioneer in the auction held by the Company; (6) “Buyer’s Commission” means the commission that the Buyer must pay to the Company based on the Hammer Price at the rate specifi ed herein; (7) “Auction Property” means the item(s) that the Seller consigns to the Company for auction and which are auctioned off at the auction; (8) “Auction Date” means, for a particular auction, the date announced by the company on which the auction will offi cially commence; (9) “Sale Date” means the date on which the transaction of an Auction Property is confi rmed by the striking of the hammer by the Auctioneer or other public indication by the Auctioneer that a transaction has been struck in the auction held by the Company; (10) “Auctioneer” means the person that the Company designates to preside over a particular auction; (11) “Hammer Price” means the price at which the Auctioneer strikes the hammer, deciding the sale of the Auction Property to the Buyer, or, in the case of a post-auction transaction, the agreed upon sale price; (12) “Purchase Price” means the total amount that the Buyer is required to pay for his or her purchase of an Auction Property, including the Hammer Price plus the Buyer’s Commission, and the taxes, levies, interest and various charges payable by the Buyer; (13) “Buyer Charges” means the expenditures and expenses relating to the sale of an Auction Property by the Company, including but not limited to the charges for insurance, packing, transport, storage and custody that the Company is required to purchase in respect of the Auction Property, expenses for testing, investigation, searching or authentication of an Auction Property additionally requested by the Buyer and additional expenditures and legal expenses incurred in seeking recourse against a defaulting Buyer; (14) “Reserve” means the confidential minimum selling price for an Auction Property determined by the Seller and the Company; (15) “Estimated Price” means the estimated sales price of an Auction Property indicated in the catalogue or after other descriptive text, and excluding the Buyer’s Commission; (16) “Storage Fee” means the charge for storage that the Buyer is required to pay to the Company in accordance herewith. 2. As required by the context, the singular of a term herein includes the plural thereof, and vice versa. Unless otherwise required by the context: (i) the Buyer and the Company are herein collectively referred to as the “Parties”, and a “Party” refers to either Party; (ii) Any mention of legal provisions shall be construed as including any future amendments to, or re-enactment of, such provisions; (iii) Any mention of “person” shall include natural persons, companies, legal persons, enterprises, partnerships, individual proprietorships, governmental or social organizations and organizations comprised of more than one of the foregoing; (iv) Any mention of “Article” or “Clause” refers to the Articles or Clauses hereof; (v) The headings are provided for ease of reference only, and shall not aff ect the interpretation hereof. Article 3 Applicable Scope All Bidders, Buyers and other concerned parties participating in the auction of such collectibles as cultural artifacts, works of art, etc. organized and conducted by the Company shall act in accordance herewith. Article 4 Special Notice All Bidders and Buyers participating in the auction by the Company shall carefully read and abide by these Conditions, and, in particular, they shall carefully read the provisions hereof on the liability of the Company, the restrictive provisions, and the disclaimers. The Bidder and/or his or her agent is/are responsible for viewing the original Auction Properties in person, and shall be legally liable for his or her bidding on the Auction Properties. The Company may at its own discretion postpone or cancel any auction due to weather or other reasons and shall not be liable to make any compensation to the Bidder. Article 5 Responsibilities of the Bidder and the Company in Respect of the Auction Properties 1. The Company’s perception of an Auction Property is partly dependent on the information provided by the Seller, the Company is in no position to and will not carry out comprehensive due diligence of the Auction Properties. The Bidder is aware of this and shall be responsible for inspecting and examining the original Auction Properties so as to satisfy himself or herself in respect of those Auction Properties which he or she may be interested in. 2. All Auction Properties to be sold by the Company are available for viewing by the Bidder before sale. Where the Bidder and/or his or her agent participates in bidding, the Bidder shall be deemed as having thoroughly examined the Auction Properties, and to be satisfi ed with the condition of, and the accuracy of the description of, the Auction Properties. 3. The Bidder confi rms that numerous Auction Properties are of great age and of special types, meaning that they are not necessarily sound and free from defects. All Auction Properties are sold “as is” at the time of the auction (whether or not the Bidder attends the auction in person). Condition reports may be provided at the time of viewing the Auction Properties. Under certain CONDITIONS OF BUSINESS FOR BUYERS 理由； 將狀況與銷售予買家當日相同，並能轉移其妥善所有權且自銷售日期後 並無出現任何第三方申索之拍賣品退還予本公司。 (三) 有關現代及當代藝術、中國油畫以及中國書畫，雖然目前學術界不 容許對此類別作出確實之說明，但本公司保留酌情權按本保證但以拍賣 日後一年內為限取消證實為膺品之現代及當代藝術、中國油畫以及中國 書畫拍賣品之交易；已付之款項按本條規定退還予買家，但買家必須在 拍賣日起一年內向本公司提供證據(按本條第(二)、(四)款規定的方式)， 證實該拍賣品為膺品； (四) 本公司可酌情決定豁免上述任何規定。本公司有權要求買家索取兩 名為本公司及買家雙方接納之獨立及行內認可專家之報告，費用由買家 承擔。本公司無須受買家出示之任何報告所規限，並保留權利尋求額外 之專家意見，費用由本公司自行承擔。 第三十四條 資料獲取、錄影 就經營本公司的拍賣業務方面，本公司可能對任何拍賣過程進行錄音、 錄影及記錄，亦需要向競投人搜集個人資料或向第三方索取有關競投 人的資料(例如向銀行索取信用審核)。這些資料會由本公司處理並且保 密，唯有關資料有可能根據本規則的目的或其它合法目的，提供給本公 司、本公司的分部、附屬公司、子公司、母公司、中國嘉德、中國嘉德 的分部、附屬公司、子公司、母公司，以協助本公司為競投人提供完善 的服務、進行客戶分析，或以便提供符合競投人要求的服務。在本規則 項下的交易完成後(如適用)，本公司可在法律容許的合理時間內，保存 及使用已收集的個人資料。如競投人或買家欲查閱及／或更正存於本公 司的個人資料，可書面致函本公司(連同合理的行政費)提出有關要求。 為了競投人的權益，本公司亦可能需要向第三方服務供應商(例如船運公 司或存倉公司)提供競投人的部份個人資料。競投人參與本公司的拍賣， 即表示競投人同意上文所述。如競投人欲獲取或更改個人資料，請與客 戶服務部聯絡。 第三十五條 版權 賣家授權本公司對其委託本公司拍賣的任何拍賣品製作照片、圖示、圖 錄或其他形式的影像製品和宣傳品，本公司享有上述照片、圖示、圖錄 或其他形式的影像製品和宣傳品的版權，有權對其依法加以無償使用。 未經本公司事先書面同意，買家及任何人不得使用。本公司及賣家均並 未作出拍賣品是否受版權所限或買家是否取得拍賣品之任何版權的陳述 及保證。 第三十六條 通知 競投人及買家均應將其固定有效的通訊地址和聯絡方式以競投登記文 件或其他本公司認可的方式告知本公司，若有改變，應立即書面告知 本公司。 本規則中所提及之通知，僅指以信函、電子郵件、傳真或透過本公司 APP用戶端(“APP用戶端”)形式發出的書面通知。該等通知在下列時間 視為送達： (一) 如是專人送達的，當送到有關方之地址時； (二) 如是以郵寄方式發出的，則為郵寄日之後第七天； (三) 如是以傳真方式發出的，當發送傳真機確認發出時； (四) 如果是以電子郵件形式發出的，當在電子郵件記錄上確認發出之時； (五) 如本公司透過APP用戶端方式發出的，則發送當日為競投人及買家 收到該通知日期。 第三十七條 可分割性 如本規則之任何條款或部分因任何理由被認定為無效、不合法或不可執 行，本規則其他條款或部分仍然有效，相關各方應當遵守、執行。 第三十八條 法律及管轄權 (一) 本規則及其相關事宜、交易、因依照本規則參加本公司拍賣活動而 引起或與之有關的任何爭議，均受香港法律規管並由香港法律解釋。 (二) 受制於第三十八（三）條的規定，香港法院對本公司拍賣活動而引 起或與之有關的任何爭議（“該爭議”）擁有專屬管轄權。本公司、買 家及競投人同意香港法院為最合適及便利的法院以解決該爭議。因此， 任何一方不會就此提出反對。 (三) 本第三十八（三）條只受益於本公司。本公司有權於任何其他具管 轄權的法院就該爭議提起訴訟而不受任何限制。在法律允許的範圍內， 本公司可在若干司法管轄區同時進行訴訟。 第三十九條 語言文本 本規則以中文為標準文本，英文文本為參考文本。 英文文本如與中文文本有任何不一致之處，以中文文本為準。 第四十條 規則版權所有 本規則由本公司制訂和修改，相應版權歸本公司所有。未經本公司事先 書面許可，任何人不得以任何方式或手段，利用本規則獲取商業利益， 亦不得對本規則之任何部分進行複製、傳送或儲存於可檢索系統中。 第四十一條 適用時期 本規則只適用於本次拍賣，本公司可不時更新本規則，競投人和買家參 與另一次拍賣的時候應以當時適用的買家業務規則為準。 第四十二條 解釋權 日常執行本規則時，本規則的解釋權由本公司行使。如買家、賣家與本 公司發生法律爭議，在解決該爭議時，本規則的解釋權由具管轄權的法 院行使。 版本日期：2022年5月11日 本公司地址：香港金鐘道89號力寶中心一座五樓 circumstances, the catalogue descriptions and condition reports may serve as reference about certain defects in the Auction Properties. Nevertheless, the Bidder should note that the Auction Properties may have other defects not expressly stated in the catalogue or condition reports. 4. The information concerning any Auction Property provided to the Bidder, including any forecast information (written or verbal), and any information, rules or other reports, commentaries or estimated values contained in the catalogues, are not statements of fact, but rather statements of the opinions held by the Company. Such information may be revised at the sole discretion of the Company from time to time. 5. Neither the Company nor the Seller gives any representations or warranties as to whether any Auction Property is subject to any copyright or whether the Buyer has bought the copyright in any Auction Property. 6. Subject to Articles 5(1) to 5(5) and the specifi c exemptions contained in Article 6 hereof, the catalogue descriptions and condition reports are made by the Company in a reasonable and prudent manner (consistent with the provisions relating to the Company as the Auction Agent) based on (1) the information provided by the Seller to the Company; (2) academic and technical knowledge (if any); and (3) generally accepted opinions of relevant experts. Article 6 Exemption of Liability Toward the Buyer and Limitations 1. Subject to Article 5 and Articles 6(1) and 6(4) hereof, the Company or the Seller shall not: (1) be liable for any errors or omissions in the information provided by the Company to the Bidder, whether verbally or in writing, regardless of whether due to negligence or otherwise; (2) give any guarantee or warranty to the Bidder, and any implied warranties or conditions other than the express warranties given by the Seller to the Buyer through the Company are excluded (except where it is provided in law that such liabilities may not be exempted); (3) be liable to any Bidder for any actions or omissions in respect of any matter relating to the auction or sale of any Auction Property by the Company (regardless of whether due to negligence or otherwise). 2. Unless the Company owns the Auction Property to be sold, it shall not be liable for any breach of these Conditions by the Seller. 3. Without prejudice to Article 6(1) hereof, the amount of any claim that a Bidder may lodge against the Company or the Seller shall be limited to the Hammer Price of the Auction Property and the Buyer’s Commission. Under no circumstance shall the Company or the Seller bear any consequential losses incurred by the Buyer. 4. Article 6 hereof does not exempt or restrict the liability of the Company for any fraudulent misrepresentation made by the Company or the Seller, nor for any personal injury or death arising due to the negligence of or an omission by the Company or the Seller. Article 7 Catalogue and Other Descriptions of the Auction Property All statements made by the Company about an Auction Property in the catalogue or in the condition reports, or separately made verbally or in writing, are statements of opinion only, and shall not be relied upon as statements of fact. Such statements do not constitute any representation, warranty or assumption of liability by the Company in any form. The relevant defects and restorations mentioned in the catalogue or the condition report for an Auction Property are for guidance only and shall be reviewed in person by the Bidder or a representative with the relevant knowledge. The absence of a reference to the above-mentioned information does not mean that the Auction Property is completely free from defects or has never been restored. Furthermore, even if reference is made to a specifi c defect, this does not mean there are no other defects. Where there is a discrepancy between the tone, colour, texture or shape of an Auction Property in the catalogue and/or in any other manner of illustration, video recording or publicity materials and that of the original, due to printing, photographic or other such technical reason, the actual Auction Property shall prevail. Bibliographies cited in any description of an Auction Property by the Company, its employees or its agents are for the Bidder’s reference only. The Company will not provide the originals or photocopies of the bibliographic publications or other such materials, and reserves the right to revise the cited descriptions. Article 8 Reserve and Estimated Price A Reserve is set for all of the Company’s Auction Properties, unless it is indicated or stated that an Auction Property is not subject to such a Reserve. In general, the Reserve is not higher than the low Estimated Price announced or published before the auction by the Company. If a Reserve has not been set for an Auction Property, unless there already have been bids, the Auctioneer shall have the right, at his or her discretion, to decide the starting price, which, however, may not be higher than the low Estimated Price of the Auction Property before the auction. Under no circumstance shall the Company bear any liability in the event that the bids for an Auction Property fail to reach the Reserve at the auction held by the Company. If the bids for an Auction Property are lower than the Reserve, the Auctioneer shall have the right, at his or her discretion, to sell the Auction Property at a price lower than the Reserve. However, under such a circumstance, the amount that the Company shall pay the Seller shall be the amount that the Seller would have received had the Auction Property been sold at the Reserve. An Estimated Price is estimated some time before the Auction Date, is not a defi nitive selling price, and is not legally binding. No Estimated Price may serve as a forecast of the Hammer Price for an Auction Property, and the Company has the right to revise from time to time Estimated Price(s) that have already been made. Article 9 Bidding at Auction Bidders shall bid through the following methods: 1. The Bidder shall attend the auction in person, and complete the registration and pay a bid deposit before obtaining a paddle as required, subject to Article 10 to Article 12 hereof; or 2. Subject to Article 15 hereof, the Bidder may appoint the Company in writing to bid on his or her behalf by a duly completed and signed Telephone Bidding Form of the Company (“Telephone Bidding Form”); or 3. The Bidder shall adopt the Live Auction Platform which authorized by the Company. Article 10 Bidder Registration Where the Bidder is an individual, he or she shall fi ll in and sign before the Auction Date the registration documents on the strength of an identity document with photo issued by the government (such as a resident identity card or passport), and provide proof of his or her current address (e.g. a utility bill or bank statement); where the Bidder is a company or other organization, it shall fill in and sign the registration documents on the strength of its valid incorporation document, proof of shareholding and lawful authorization document, and collect a paddle before the Auction Date. The Company may request the Bidder to present banking information for making payment or other proof of fi nancial standing. Article 11 Paddle The Company may, depending on the auction conditions and auction method, announce before the Auction Date the conditions and procedures for obtaining a paddle, including but not limited to formulating the qualifi cation conditions necessary for Bidders to carry out the procedures for obtaining a paddle. The Company solemnly reminds the Bidder that a paddle is the sole proof for the Bidder to participate in the bidding in person. The Bidder shall keep the same in safe custody and may not lend the same to other persons. In the event it is lost, the Bidder shall promptly carry out the loss report procedures by way of a written method approved by the Company. All of the bidding acts carried out during the auction by a paddle holder, regardless of whether he or she has been appointed by the Bidder, shall be deemed as having been done by the paddle registrant himself or herself, and the Bidder shall bear the legal liability for the acts of such person, unless the paddle registrant has himself or herself carried out with the Company the procedures for reporting the loss of a paddle by way of a written method approved by the Company, and the paddle in question is declared void by the Auctioneer on the spot. Article 12 Bid Deposit When the Bidder participates in the Company’s auction, he or she shall pay a bid deposit before collecting the paddle. The amount of the bid deposit shall be announced by the Company before the Auction Date, and the Company has the right to reduce or waive the bid deposit. If the Bidder fails to buy an Auction Property and does not have any amounts owing to the Company, its divisions, affiliates, subsidiaries or parent, or China Guardian, its divisions, affiliates, subsidiaries or parent, the entire amount of the bid deposit shall be refunded to the Bidder without interest within 14 working days after conclusion of the auction. If the Bidder becomes the Buyer, the bid deposit shall automatically be transformed into the deposit for payment of the Purchase Price of the Auction Property. Article 13 Discretion of the Company The Company has the right, at its discretion, to refuse anyone from participating in the auction held by the Company, entering the auction venue, or taking photos, audio recordings or video recordings, etc. in the auction venue. Article 14 Bidding as Principal Unless a particular Bidder has presented written proof to the Company indicating that he or she is the agent of a particular Bidder and the same has been approved in writing by the Company, each Bidder shall be deemed to be the Bidder himself or herself. Article 15 Telephone Bids The Bidder shall attend the auction in person. If he or she cannot attend in person or by way of an agent, he or she may appoint the Company in writing using the Telephone Bidding Form to bid on his or her behalf. The Company shall have the discretion to decide whether or not to accept such an appointment. If the Bidder wishes to appoint the Company to bid on his or her behalf, he or she should have completed the appointment procedures of the bids by the prescribed deadline (no later than 24 hours before the Auction Date), present a duly completed and signed Telephone Bidding Form to the Company, and paid the bid deposit pursuant to these Conditions. If, having appointed the Company to bid on his or her behalf, the Bidder wishes to cancel the appointment, he or she shall notify the Company in writing no later than 24 hours before the Auction Date. Article 16 Outcome of Telephone Bid If the Bidder has appointed the Company to bid on his or her behalf, the bid outcome and relevant legal liabilities shall be borne by him or her. The Bidder shall accurately provide the instant communication method (such as mobile phone number) and keep such instant communication instrument in safe custody. While the Company is appointed to bid on the behalf of the Bidder, the Bidder shall personally use the instant communication instrument. In event of loss of, or loss of the control of, the instant communication instrument in question, the Bidder shall promptly revise by way of a written method approved by the Company the instant communication method provided on the Telephone Bidding Form. While the Company is appointed to bid on the Bidder’s behalf, it will (use timely and appropriate effort) to contact the Bidder, and all of the bidding information transmitted by the instant communication instrument (regardless of whether it is transmitted by the Bidder himself or herself or the Bidder’s Agent) shall be deemed as having been transmitted by the Bidder himself or herself, and the Bidder shall be legally liable for the actions thereof, unless the Buyer has himself or herself altered by way of a written method approved by the Company the instant communication method provided on the Telephone Bidding Form. Nevertheless, under no circumstance shall the Company be liable for any unsuccessful attempt to make contact or for any errors or omissions in the bids made using the instant communication instrument in question. Article 17 Disclaimer of Liability for Telephone Bid Given that telephone bidding is a free service provided by the Company to the Bidder for the purpose of transmitting bidding information, neither the Company nor its employees shall be liable for unsuccessful bids or any errors, omissions, negligence, fault or inability to bid on the Bidder’s behalf arising in the course of the bidding on the Bidder’s behalf. Article 18 Discretion of the Auctioneer The Auctioneer shall have the absolute right of discretion in respect of the following matters: 1. to refuse or accept any bid; 2. to conduct the auction in the manner he or she decides; 3. to withdraw any Auction Property, divide it into separate lots for auction or combine any two or more Auction Properties and auction them together; 4. where an error or dispute occurs, whether during or after the auction, to decide the successful Bidder, whether or not to continue the auction, to cancel the auction or to auction the disputed Auction Property anew; 5. to open and conduct the bidding at the level and at bid increments that he or she deems appropriate, and to bid on behalf of the Seller up to the amount of the Reserve, by making a bid, by making consecutive bids or by making bids in response to the bids of other Bidders; 6. to take other actions that he or she reasonably deems appropriate. Article 19 No Reserve For those Auction Properties without a Reserve, unless there are bids, the Auctioneer shall have the right, at his or her own discretion, to decide the starting price. If there are no bids at such price, the Auctioneer will, at his or her own discretion, lower the price and continue the auction until a Bidder starts to bid, whereupon he will increase the price from there and continue the auction. Article 20 Image Display Panel and Currency Conversion Display Panel For the convenience of Bidders, the Company may use image projection or other manner of display panel during the auction. The information shown thereon shall be provided for reference only. Regardless of whether there may be errors in the information, such as the amount, reference number of an Auction Property, the picture of an Auction Property or reference foreign exchange amount, etc., shown on the image projection or other manner of display panel, the Company shall not be liable for any losses arising as a result thereof. Article 21 Successful Sale Upon the confi rmation of the highest bid by the striking of the hammer or otherwise by the Auctioneer, such Bidder’s bid shall be the successful bid, indicating that he or she has become the Buyer of the Auction Property, and that a binding sales contract has been concluded between the Seller and the Buyer. Article 22 Commission and Charges Once the Bidder has made a successful bid, he or she becomes the Buyer of the Auction Property. The Buyer shall pay to the Company a commission to be calculated as follows: For each Auction Property, those part of Hammer Price which is HKD5 million or below, the commission shall be equivalent to 20% of the Hammer Price; for each Auction Property whose Hammer Price exceeds HKD5 million, the commission applicable to those part of the Hammer Price between HKD5 million to HKD20 million shall be equivalent to 17% thereof and the commission applicable to those part of the Hammer Price above HKD20 million shall be equivalent to 14 % thereof. The Buyer shall also pay to the Company other Buyer Charges, and accepts that the Company may charge the Seller a commission and other Seller charges in accordance with the Conditions of Business for Sellers. Article 23 Taxes All the monies paid to the Company by the Buyer shall be the net amount, exclusive of any tax on goods, tax on services or other value added tax (whether levied by Hong Kong or another region). If any taxes or levies are applicable to the Buyer, he or she shall solely bear the same in accordance with the relevant laws currently in force. Article 24 Payment Deadline Unless otherwise agreed in writing, after a sale, the Buyer shall pay the Purchase Price in full to the Company and collect the Auction Property within seven days from the Sale Date, regardless of any export, import or other permit regulations for the Auction Property. All packing and handling charges, freight and insurance charges, export related charges, etc. involved, if any, shall be paid by the Buyer together with the foregoing. Article 25 Payment Currency All monies shall be paid in Hong Kong dollars. If the Buyer pays in a currency other than the Hong Kong dollar, the same shall be converted at the exchange rate agreed between the Buyer and the Company or at the exchange rate for the Hong Kong dollar and the currency in question posted by The Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation Ltd. one working day prior to the date of payment by the Buyer. All bank service charges, commissions and other charges incurred by the Company in converting the foreign currency paid by the Buyer into Hong Kong dollars shall be borne by the Buyer. Article 26 Transfer of Ownership Even if the Auction Property has not been delivered to the Buyer by the Company, the Buyer shall have secured ownership of the Auction Property but before he or she has paid in full the Purchase Price and all amounts that he or she may owe the circumstances, the catalogue descriptions and condition reports may serve as reference about certain defects in the Auction Properties. Nevertheless, the Bidder should note that the Auction Properties may have other defects not expressly stated in the catalogue or condition reports. 4. The information concerning any Auction Property provided to the Bidder, including any forecast information (written or verbal), and any information, rules or other reports, commentaries or estimated values contained in the catalogues, are not statements of fact, but rather statements of the opinions held by the Company. Such information may be revised at the sole discretion of the Company from time to time. 5. Neither the Company nor the Seller gives any representations or warranties as to whether any Auction Property is subject to any copyright or whether the Buyer has bought the copyright in any Auction Property. 6. Subject to Articles 5(1) to 5(5) and the specifi c exemptions contained in Article 6 hereof, the catalogue descriptions and condition reports are made by the Company in a reasonable and prudent manner (consistent with the provisions relating to the Company as the Auction Agent) based on (1) the information provided by the Seller to the Company; (2) academic and technical knowledge (if any); and (3) generally accepted opinions of relevant experts. Article 6 Exemption of Liability Toward the Buyer and Limitations 1. Subject to Article 5 and Articles 6(1) and 6(4) hereof, the Company or the Seller shall not: (1) be liable for any errors or omissions in the information provided by the Company to the Bidder, whether verbally or in writing, regardless of whether due to negligence or otherwise; (2) give any guarantee or warranty to the Bidder, and any implied warranties or conditions other than the express warranties given by the Seller to the Buyer through the Company are excluded (except where it is provided in law that such liabilities may not be exempted); (3) be liable to any Bidder for any actions or omissions in respect of any matter relating to the auction or sale of any Auction Property by the Company (regardless of whether due to negligence or otherwise). 2. Unless the Company owns the Auction Property to be sold, it shall not be liable for any breach of these Conditions by the Seller. 3. Without prejudice to Article 6(1) hereof, the amount of any claim that a Bidder may lodge against the Company or the Seller shall be limited to the Hammer Price of the Auction Property and the Buyer’s Commission. Under no circumstance shall the Company or the Seller bear any consequential losses incurred by the Buyer. 4. Article 6 hereof does not exempt or restrict the liability of the Company for any fraudulent misrepresentation made by the Company or the Seller, nor for any personal injury or death arising due to the negligence of or an omission by the Company or the Seller. Article 7 Catalogue and Other Descriptions of the Auction Property All statements made by the Company about an Auction Property in the catalogue or in the condition reports, or separately made verbally or in writing, are statements of opinion only, and shall not be relied upon as statements of fact. Such statements do not constitute any representation, warranty or assumption of liability by the Company in any form. The relevant defects and restorations mentioned in the catalogue or the condition report for an Auction Property are for guidance only and shall be reviewed in person by the Bidder or a representative with the relevant knowledge. The absence of a reference to the above-mentioned information does not mean that the Auction Property is completely free from defects or has never been restored. Furthermore, even if reference is made to a specifi c defect, this does not mean there are no other defects. Where there is a discrepancy between the tone, colour, texture or shape of an Auction Property in the catalogue and/or in any other manner of illustration, video recording or publicity materials and that of the original, due to printing, photographic or other such technical reason, the actual Auction Property shall prevail. Bibliographies cited in any description of an Auction Property by the Company, its employees or its agents are for the Bidder’s reference only. The Company will not provide the originals or photocopies of the bibliographic publications or other such materials, and reserves the right to revise the cited descriptions. Article 8 Reserve and Estimated Price A Reserve is set for all of the Company’s Auction Properties, unless it is indicated or stated that an Auction Property is not subject to such a Reserve. In general, the Reserve is not higher than the low Estimated Price announced or published before the auction by the Company. If a Reserve has not been set for an Auction Property, unless there already have been bids, the Auctioneer shall have the right, at his or her discretion, to decide the starting price, which, however, may not be higher than the low Estimated Price of the Auction Property before the auction. Under no circumstance shall the Company bear any liability in the event that the bids for an Auction Property fail to reach the Reserve at the auction held by the Company. If the bids for an Auction Property are lower than the Reserve, the Auctioneer shall have the right, at his or her discretion, to sell the Auction Property at a price lower than the Reserve. However, under such a circumstance, the amount that the Company shall pay the Seller shall be the amount that the Seller would have received had the Auction Property been sold at the Reserve. An Estimated Price is estimated some time before the Auction Date, is not a defi nitive selling price, and is not legally binding. No Estimated Price may serve as a forecast of the Hammer Price for an Auction Property, and the Company has the right to revise from time to time Estimated Price(s) that have already been made. Article 9 Bidding at Auction Bidders shall bid through the following methods: 1. The Bidder shall attend the auction in person, and complete the registration and pay a bid deposit before obtaining a paddle as required, subject to Article 10 to Article 12 hereof; or 2. Subject to Article 15 hereof, the Bidder may appoint the Company in writing to bid on his or her behalf by a duly completed and signed Telephone Bidding Form of the Company (“Telephone Bidding Form”); or 3. The Bidder shall adopt the Live Auction Platform which authorized by the Company. Article 10 Bidder Registration Where the Bidder is an individual, he or she shall fi ll in and sign before the Auction Date the registration documents on the strength of an identity document with photo issued by the government (such as a resident identity card or passport), and provide proof of his or her current address (e.g. a utility bill or bank statement); where the Bidder is a company or other organization, it shall fill in and sign the registration documents on the strength of its valid incorporation document, proof of shareholding and lawful authorization document, and collect a paddle before the Auction Date. The Company may request the Bidder to present banking information for making payment or other proof of fi nancial standing. Article 11 Paddle The Company may, depending on the auction conditions and auction method, announce before the Auction Date the conditions and procedures for obtaining a paddle, including but not limited to formulating the qualifi cation conditions necessary for Bidders to carry out the procedures for obtaining a paddle. The Company solemnly reminds the Bidder that a paddle is the sole proof for the Bidder to participate in the bidding in person. The Bidder shall keep the same in safe custody and may not lend the same to other persons. In the event it is lost, the Bidder shall promptly carry out the loss report procedures by way of a written method approved by the Company. All of the bidding acts carried out during the auction by a paddle holder, regardless of whether he or she has been appointed by the Bidder, shall be deemed as having been done by the paddle registrant himself or herself, and the Bidder shall bear the legal liability for the acts of such person, unless the paddle registrant has himself or herself carried out with the Company the procedures for reporting the loss of a paddle by way of a written method approved by the Company, and the paddle in question is declared void by the Auctioneer on the spot. Article 12 Bid Deposit When the Bidder participates in the Company’s auction, he or she shall pay a bid deposit before collecting the paddle. The amount of the bid deposit shall be announced by the Company before the Auction Date, and the Company has the right to reduce or waive the bid deposit. If the Bidder fails to buy an Auction Property and does not have any amounts owing to the Company, its divisions, affiliates, subsidiaries or parent, or China Guardian, its divisions, affiliates, subsidiaries or parent, the entire amount of the bid deposit shall be refunded to the Bidder without interest within 14 working days after conclusion of the auction. If the Bidder becomes the Buyer, the bid deposit shall automatically be transformed into Company, its divisions, affi liates, subsidiaries or parent company, or China Guardian, its divisions, affiliates, subsidiaries or parent company, the Company and/or the Seller reserve the right of possession en or any other lawful relieves. Article 27 Transfer of Risks Once a successful bid has been made, the risks attaching to the Auction Property shall be solely borne by the Buyer once any of the following circumstances (whichever is earlier) arises: 1. the Buyer collects the Auction Property; or 2. the Buyer pays all of the Purchase Price for the Auction Property to the Company; or 3. the lapse of seven days after the Sale Date. Article 28 Collection of the Auction Property The Buyer must, within seven days from the Sale Date, proceed to the Company’s address or other location designated by the Company to collect the Auction Property he or she purchased. The Buyer shall be solely responsible for purchasing insurance for the Auction Property he or she purchased once the risks pass to him or her. If the Buyer fails to collect the Auction Property within seven days from the Sale Date, he or she shall bear all of the relevant costs for storing, handling, insuring, etc. the Auction Property in question, and he or she shall bear all of the liability for the Auction Property he or she purchased. Furthermore, notwithstanding the Auction Property remaining in the custody of the Company or another agent, none of the Company, its employees or agents shall be liable for damage to or loss of the Auction Property, regardless of the reason the same arises. Article 29 Packing and Shipping The packing and processing by the employees of the Company of the purchased Auction Property as required by the Buyer shall solely be deemed as a service provided by the Company to the Buyer, and the Company may decide at its own discretion whether to provide such service. If any losses arise therefrom, they shall solely be borne by the Buyer. Under no circumstance shall the Company be liable for damage to glass or frame, box, backing sheet, stand, mounting, inserts, rolling rod or other similar auxiliary object arising for any reason. Furthermore, the Company shall not be liable for any errors, omissions, damage or loss caused by the packing company or removal company recommended by the Company to the Buyer. Article 30 Import/Export and Permits The Buyer shall himself or herself be responsible for securing any relevant import and export, endangered species or other permit for the Auction Property. A failure or delay in obtaining any required permit shall not be deemed as grounds for cancelling the purchase or delaying payment of the Purchase Price by the Buyer. The Company shall not bear any liability for the failure to duly complete or submit the required import or export waybill, list or documents. If the Buyer requests that the Company apply for an export permit on his or her behalf, the Company shall have the right to charge him or her a separate service fee for such service. However, the Company does not warrant that such export permit will be issued. Neither the Company nor the Seller gives any representations or warranties as to whether or not any Auction Property is subject to import/export restrictions or any embargo. Article 31 Remedies for Non-Payment and Specifi c Performance If the Buyer fails to make payment in full pursuant to these Conditions or any payment arrangement agreed with the Company, the Company shall have the right to take one or more of the following measures: 1. If the Buyer fails to pay all of the Purchase Price in full to the Company within 7 days from the Sale Date, the Company shall have the right to engage a third party organization to collect all or part of the outstanding Purchase Price from the Buyer; 2. If the Buyer fails to pay the Purchase Price in full within 7 days from the Sale Date, the Company shall have the right to charge interest at the rate 0.03% per day on the Buyer’s outstanding amount starting from the 8th day after the Sale Date until the date on which the Buyer pays the entire amount in full, unless the Buyer and the Company agree otherwise; 3. All risks and charges relating to insurance coverage taken out on the Auction Property, removal thereof, or storage thereof, at or from the Company or elsewhere shall be borne by the Buyer; 4. To institute a legal action against the Buyer, demanding that he or she compensate it for all the losses incurred as a result of his or her breach of contract, including the interest losses arising due to delay in payment or refusal to pay by the Buyer; 5. To exercise a lien on the Auction Property in question and any other Auction Property of the Buyer purchased under the auspices of the Company, and any other property or property rights of the Buyer that may be in the Company’s possession for any reason, and all expenses and/or risks arising during the duration of the lien shall be borne by the Buyer. If the Buyer fails to perform all of his or her relevant obligations by the deadline designated by the Company, the Company shall have the right to dispose of the subject matter of the lien after issuing notice to the Buyer that it is exercising its lien rights and if the Buyer fails to discharge all outstanding amounts within 30 days after issuance of such notice. If the proceeds from the disposal of the subject matter of the lien are insufficient to offset all the monies payable by the Buyer to the Company, the Company shall have the right to separately recover the same; 6. If the Buyer still has not paid all of the Purchase Price in full to the Company within 90 days from the Sale Date, the Company shall have the right (but shall not be obliged) to decide, at its absolute discretion, to cancel the transaction or agree to cancellation of the transaction by the Seller, and reserves the right to recover all of the losses suff ered by the Company due to cancellation of the transaction; 7. To offset any amount related to the Auction Property owed by the Buyer to the Company against any amount owed from any other transaction by the Company, its divisions, affi liates, subsidiaries or parent, or China Guardian, its divisions, affi liates, subsidiaries or parent to the Buyer; 8. To decide at its discretion to use any monies paid by the Buyer to discharge the amount owed by the Buyer to the Company, its divisions, affi liates, subsidiaries or parent, or China Guardian, its divisions, affi liates, subsidiaries or parent in connection with the Auction Property or other transaction; 9. To refuse any future bids made by the Buyer or his or her agent, or to charge him or her a bid deposit before accepting his or her bids; The Company is aware that the Auction Property is unique and irreplaceable, if either the Seller or the Buyer defaults, the payment of damages by one party to another shall not be a suffi cient remedy to the observant party. Accordingly, the Company, the Buyer and the Seller agree that any such breach, the observant party may apply to the court to order specifi c performance, requiring the defaulting party to perform his/her obligations under these Conditions or their ancillary documents. Article 32 Remedies for Delay in Collecting the Auction Property If the Buyer fails to collect the purchased Auction Property within seven days from the Sale Date, the Company shall have the right to take one or more of the following measures: 1. To take out insurance coverage for the Auction Property and/or store the same on Company premises or elsewhere, with all of the costs (including but not limited to charging the Storage Fee specifi ed on the Bidder Registration Form from the 31st day following the Sale Date) and/or risks arising therefrom borne by the Buyer. In such a case, the Buyer may collect the Auction Property (packing and handling charges, freight and insurance charges, export related charges at the sole expense of the Buyer) only after he or she has paid all of the Purchase Price in full; 2. If the Buyer fails to collect the relevant Auction Property by the deadline prescribed herein, he or she shall solely be liable for all the risks and expenses arising after the expiration of such deadline. Article 33 Limited Warranties 1. The general warranties provided to the Buyer by the Company are as set forth below: If it is discovered after an Auction Property is sold by the Company that the same is a forgery, the Company will, in accordance herewith, cancel the transaction and refund to the Buyer in the original currency the Hammer price together with the Buyer’s Commission paid by the Buyer to the Company in respect of the Auction Property. For the purposes of the foregoing, a forgery, based on the reasonable opinion of the Company, means such things as a forged work or intentional concealment or a fraudulent claim in respect of the source, place of origin, date, production year, age, culture or origin, etc. of a work, and a correct description of the foregoing is not included in the catalogue (considering any terms of art). Any damage to an Auction Property and/or any manner of restored piece and/or any repaired piece (including repainting or overpainting) shall not be deemed a forgery. Please note that the foregoing warranty shall not apply if: (1) The information in the catalogue is based on the generally accepted opinions of academics and experts on the selling date, or said information in the catalogue indicates that there exist confl icts in such opinions; or (2) On the selling date, the only means of proving that the Auction Property in question is a forgery is not generally available or recognized at such time, is extremely expensive or is impractical; or may already have caused damage to the Auction Property or may (in the reasonable opinion of the Company) already have caused the Auction Property to lose value; or (3) If, based on its description, the Auction Property has not lost any material value. 2. The period specifi ed by this warranty simply provides the Buyer an exclusive non-transferrable benefi t for 5 years after the relevant Auction Date. To lodge a claim based on this warranty, the Buyer must: (1) notify the Company in writing within three months after the receipt of any information which leads the Buyer to doubt the authenticity or attributes of the Auction Property, specifying the reference number of the Auction Property, the date on which the Auction Property was purchased and the reasons for believing that the Auction Property is a forgery; (2) return the Auction Property to the Company in a condition identical to that on the date on which it was sold to the Buyer, and provided that good title thereto is transferrable and no third party claims have been made in respect thereof since the selling date. 3. With respect to contemporary and modern art, Chinese oil paintings and Chinese paintings and calligraphy, although academic circles do not permit the making of defi nitive statements in respect thereof at present, the Company reserves the discretion, pursuant to this warranty, to cancel transactions of contemporary and modern art, Chinese oil paintings and Chinese paintings and calligraphy that are confi rmed to be forgeries, but only within one year after the Auction Date. The amount paid shall be refunded to the Buyer pursuant to this Article, provided that the Buyer provides to the Company evidence (by the methods set forth in clauses 2 and 4 of this Article) confi rming that the Auction Property is a forgery within one year from the Auction Date; 4. The Company may, at its discretion, decide to waive any of the foregoing provisions. The Company shall have the right to request that the Buyer obtain, at his or her expense, reports from two experts acceptable to the Company and the Buyer who are independent and recognized in the industry. The Company shall not be subject to any report presented by the Buyer, and reserves the right to seek the opinion of additional experts at its own expense. Article 34 Obtaining Information, Video Taking With respect to the operation of the Company’s auction business, the Company may make audio recordings, video recordings or keep a record of any auction process, and may need to collect personal information from the Bidder or request information about the Bidder from third parties (such as requesting a credit review from a bank). Such information will be processed and kept confi dential by the Company. However, relevant information may be provided to the Company, its divisions, affiliates, subsidiaries or parent, or China Guardian, its divisions, affiliates, subsidiaries or parent in order to assist the Company in providing excellent services to Bidders, carrying out client analyses, or providing services that satisfy the requirements of Bidders. For the benefi t of the Bidder, the Company may also be required to provide certain personal information of the Bidder to third party service providers (such as shipping companies or warehousing companies). By participating in the auction by the Company, the Bidder indicates that he or she consents to the foregoing. If the Bidder wishes to obtain or amend his or her personal information, he or she is asked to contact the customer service department. Article 35 Copyright The Seller authorizes the Company to produce photos, illustrations, a catalogue, or other form of video recording of, and publicity materials for, any Auction Property that he or she has consigned to the Company for auction, and the Company enjoys the copyrights therein, and has the right to use the same in accordance with the law. Without the prior written consent of the Company, neither the Buyer nor anyone else may use the same. Neither the Company nor the Seller gives any representations or warranties as to whether the Auction Property is subject to copyright or whether the Buyer secures any copyright in the Auction Property. Article 36 Notices The Bidder and the Buyer shall inform the Company of their fixed and valid correspondence address and contact information by the method specifi ed in the bidding registration documents or other method approved by the Company. In the event of a change, the Company shall be promptly informed thereof in writing. The notices mentioned herein only refer to written notices sent by post, by email, by fax or by the Company’s mobile app (“Mobile App”). A notice shall be deemed as served at the following times: 1. If served by hand, at the time it reaches the address of the relevant Party; 2. If by post, the seventh day after it is posted; 3. If by fax, when transmission is confi rmed by the sending fax machine; 4. If by email, when delivery is confi rmed by the email record; 5. A notice sent by the Company through Mobile App shall be deemed to be received by the Bidder and the Buyer on the date when it is delivered. Article 37 Severability If any provision or part hereof is found invalid, unlawful or unenforceable for any reason, the other provisions and parts hereof shall remain valid, and the relevant parties shall abide by and perform the same. Article 38 Laws and Jurisdiction (1) These Conditions and related matters, transactions and any disputes arising from, or in connection with, participation in the auction conducted by the Company pursuant hereto shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of Hong Kong. (2) Subject to Article 38.3 below, the Hong Kong courts have exclusive jurisdiction to settle any disputes arising out of or in connection with any auctions conducted by the Company (the “Disputes”). All of the Company, the Buyer and the Bidder agree that the Hong Kong courts are the most appropriate and convenient courts to settle the Disputes and accordingly no party will object to submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of Hong Kong courts. (3) This Article 38.3 is for the benefi t of the Company only. The Company shall not be prevented from taking any proceedings relating to the Disputes in any other courts with jurisdiction. To the extent allowed by law, the Company may take concurrent proceedings in any number of jurisdictions. Article 39 Language The Chinese language version hereof shall be the governing version and the English language version shall be for reference only. In the event of a discrepancy between the English language version and the Chinese language version, the Chinese language version shall prevail. Article 40 Ownership of Copyright in the Conditions These Conditions are formulated and shall be revised by the Company, and the relevant copyrights shall vest in the Company. Without the prior written permission of the Company, no one may use these Conditions in any manner or way to obtain commercial benefits, and may not take copies of, communicate or store in any searchable system any part hereof. Article 41 Term of Applicability These Conditions shall apply solely to the upcoming auction. The Company may update these Conditions from time to time. When the Bidder and the Buyer participate in another auction, then applicable Conditions of Business for Buyers shall prevail. Article 42 Right of Interpretation During routine performance hereof, the right to interpret these Conditions shall be exercised by the Company. In the event of a legal dispute between the Buyer and the Company, the right of interpreting these Conditions, when resolving the dispute, shall be exercised by the competent court. Date of this version: 11th May 2022 Address of the Company: 5th Floor, Tower One, Lippo Centre, 89 Queensway, Hong Kong
重要通告 IMPORTANT NOTICE 中國嘉德（香港）國際拍賣有限公司（以下稱為“本公司”）舉 辦的拍賣活動均依據本圖錄中所附之買家業務規則、重要通告、 競投登記須知、財務付款須知以及可向本公司索取之賣家業務規 則進行，參加拍賣活動的競投人須仔細閱讀並予以遵守。該等業 務規則及規定可以公告或口頭通知之方式進行修改。 拍賣品之狀況 競投人應於拍賣前之展覽會上審看拍賣品，並對自己的競投行為 承擔法律責任。如欲進一步了解拍賣品資料，請向業務人員諮 詢。如圖錄中未說明拍賣品之狀況，不表示該拍賣品沒有缺陷或 瑕疵（請參閱載於本圖錄之買家業務規則第五條）。 受限制物料 (一)附有 符號之拍賣品於編制圖錄當時已識別為含有受限制物 料，而有關物料可能受到進出口之限制。有關資料為方便競投人 查閱，而無附有該符號並非保證該拍賣品並無進出口之限制。由 植物或動物材料（如珊瑚、鱷魚、鯨骨、玳瑁、犀牛角及巴西玫 瑰木等）製成或含有植物或動物材料之物品，不論其年份或價 值，均可能須申領許可證或證書方可出口至香港境外，且由香港 境外國家進口時可能須申領其他許可證或證書。務請注意，能取 得出口許可證或證書並不能確保可在另一國家取得進口許可證或 證書，反之亦然。競投人應向相關政府查核有關野生動物植物進 口之規定後再參與競投。買家須負責取得任何出口或進口許可證/ 或證書，以及任何其他所需文件（請參閱載於本圖錄之買家業務 規則第三十條）。 (二)香港法例第586章《保護瀕危動植物物種條例》已於2018年6月 8日作出相應的立法修訂，以履行2016年《瀕危野生動植物種國際貿 易公約》修訂中對黃檀屬所有種的規定。修訂列明的新物種包括黃檀 屬所有種將受許可證管制。新管制措施將於2018年11月1日生效， 該條例規定，凡進口、從公海引進、出口、再出口或管有列明物種的 標本或衍生物，均須事先申領漁農自然護理署發出的許可證。 (三)《2018年保護瀕危動植物物種（修訂）條例》已於2018年1月 30日通過，旨在加強管制進口及再出口象牙及象狩獵品。禁止進口 及再出口象狩獵品及《公約》前象牙及《公約》後象牙（古董象牙除 外）的規定已經實施。在領有許可證情況下，為商業目的而管有的 《公約》前象牙及《公約》後象牙可進行本地貿易。為了保護文物， 古董象牙（指1925年7月1日前發生《修訂條例》規定情況的象牙） 可獲豁免。但進口及再出口古董象牙需領有進出口許可證及《公約》 前證明書。自2021年12月31日起，禁止為商業目的管有任何象牙， 包括《公約》前象牙及《公約》後象牙（古董象牙除外）。 電器及機械貨品 所有電器及機械貨品只按其裝飾價值出售，不應假設其可運作。 電器在作任何用途前必須經合格電器技師檢驗和批核。 語言文本 本公司買家業務規則、賣家業務規則、載於圖錄或由拍賣官公佈 或於拍賣會場以通告形式提供之所有其他條款、條件、通知、表 格等文件以及本圖錄中拍賣品之描述，均以中文文本為準，英文 文本僅為參考文本。 版權 本公司已盡一切合理努力查找、聯繫和確認版權擁有者。如本圖 錄內未有包含適當確認版權擁有者的資訊，本公司鼓勵版權擁有 者通知本公司。本公司亦歡迎任何信息，以澄清被展示圖文的版 權的擁有權。 本圖錄版權屬本公司所有。未經本公司書面許可，不得以任何形 式對本圖錄的任何部分進行複製或進行其他任何形式的使用。 The auction to be held by China Guardian (Hong Kong) Auctions Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as the “Company”) will be conducted in accordance with the Conditions of Sale, Important Notice, Important Notice about Bidding Registration, and the Important Notice about Payment contained in this Catalogue as well as the Conditions of Business for Sellers which are available from the Company, and Bidders wishing to participate in the auction must carefully read and comply therewith. Such Conditions and rules may be revised by way of an announcement or verbal notifi cation. Condition of the Auction Properties The Bidder should view the Auction Properties at the pre-auction exhibition, and will be legally liable for his or her bidding. For more information on the Auction Properties, please consult our business staff . The absence of a description of the condition of an Auction Property in the Catalogue does not mean that the Auction Property is free of fl aws or defects (please refer to Article 5 of the Conditions of Sale contained in this Catalogue). Restricted materials (1) Auction Properties marked with a symbol were identified as containing restricted materials at the time of compiling the Catalogue, and the relevant materials may be subject to import and export restrictions. The relevant information is provided for the convenience of Bidders, and the absence of such a symbol on an Auction Property does not ensure that it is not subject to import and export restrictions. For items made of or containing botanical or animal materials (coral, crocodile, whale bone, tortoise shell, rhinoceros horn and Brazilian Rosewood, etc.), regardless of their year or value, may require application for permits or certifi cates before exportation outside Hong Kong, and application for other permits or certifi cates may be required when importing into countries outside Hong Kong. Please note that the securing of an export permit or certifi cate does not ensure that an import permit or certifi cate can be secured in another country, and vice versa. The Bidder should enquire about the regulations for the import of wild fl ora and fauna to the relevant government before participating in an auction. Buyers are responsible for obtaining any export or import permits/certifi cates and any other documents required (please refer to Article 30 of the Conditions of Sale contained in this Catalogue). (2) The corresponding legislative amendments have been made to the Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance, Cap. 586 (“the Ordinance”) in Hong Kong on 8 June 2018, concerning the amendments to Appendices of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (“the CITES”) which has been adopted in 2016. The newly scheduled species include Dalbergia Species will be subject to licensing control. The new controls will become effective on 1 November 2018. According to the Ordinance, unless exempted or otherwise specified, the import, introduction from sea, export, re-export or possession of endangered species or its derivatives, requires a license issued by Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department. (3) The Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants (Amendment) Ordinance 2018 (“Ordinance”) was enacted on 30 January 2018, which aims to enhance regulation on import and re-export of elephant ivory and elephant hunting trophies. New control measures banned the import and re-export of all elephant hunting trophies and pre-Convention ivory and post-Convention ivory items. The commercial possession of pre-Convention ivory and post-Convention ivory items are allowed to conduct local trading, which subject to licensing control. As a measure to protect culture relics, the trade in antique ivory (ivory that occurred before 1 July 1925 with the circumstances as prescribed by the Ordinance) will continue to be allowed. Import and re-export of antique ivory require a License to Import/ Re-export and a Pre-Convention Certifi cate. The possession for commercial purpose of all ivory (save for antique ivory) including pre-Convention ivory and post- Convention ivory will be prohibited from 31 December 2021. Electrical appliances and mechanical goods All electrical appliances and mechanical goods are sold as is, and should not be assumed to be in working order. Before use, electrical appliances must be inspected and approved by a qualifi ed electrical technician. Language The Chinese versions of the Conditions of Business for Buyers, Conditions of Business for Sellers, and all other documents such as the terms, conditions, notices, forms, etc. contained in the Catalogue, announced by the Auctioneer or provided in the auction venue, as well as of the descriptions of the Auction Properties in this Catalogue shall prevail, and the English versions are for reference only. Copyright Every reasonable effort has been made to locate, contact and acknowledge copyright owners. If any proper acknowledgement has not been included here, copyright owners are encouraged to notify the Company. The Company also welcomes any information that clarifi es the copyright ownership of any material displayed. The copyrights in this Catalogue vest in the Company. Without the written permission of the Company, no part of this Catalogue may be reproduced or otherwise used in any manner.
