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国内拍卖首页 > Galerie Zacke > 亚洲艺术集珍 - 第一天 > Lot 0070
A RARE AND FINELY CAST GILT-BRONZE FIGURE OF MANJUSRI, MING DYNASTY, YONGLE TO XUANDE PERIOD
奥地利
04月16日 下午5点 开拍 /14天1小时
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拍品描述
(1403-1435)China. The bodhisattva is finely cast seated in dhyanasana upon a double-lotus base, the hands held in dharmachakra mudra while delicately grasping the tips of lotus stems rising to blossom at the shoulders and supporting his attributes, a sword and a book. He wears a flowing dhoti, gathered in soft folds around the knees, and a sash draped over the shoulders leaving the chest bare, adorned with beaded pendant jewelry.The face is sensitively modeled with a composed expression, defined by heavy-lidded downcast eyes and gently pursed lips forming a subtle smile. The hair is arranged in braided strands drawn back into a chignon, with loose tresses falling over the shoulders, and surmounted by a five-leaf tiara. The base is sealed with a copper plate, finely incised with a double vajra.Provenance: A private collection in Turin, Italy, and thence by descent. Becker Antiques, Amsterdam, Netherlands, acquired from the above via an established art dealer in Piedmont, Italy. A copy of a provenance statement written and signed by Atanas Nedyalkov of Becker Antiques, dated 16 February 2026 and confirming the above, accompanies this lot.Becker Antiques was founded in 1969 by the Dutch dealer Jan Simon Becker and established itself over the following decades as a respected specialist in Asian art and antiques. Located in Amsterdam's Museum Quarter, the gallery has long focused on Chinese ceramics — particularly pottery and funerary wares from the Han through the Ming dynasties — as well as Buddhist sculpture and selected works from East and Southeast Asia. Over more than fifty years, Becker Antiques has built an international clientele, supplying museums, private collectors, and dealers worldwide. In 2000, Atanas Nedyalkov joined the firm as a partner and today continues to lead the gallery, maintaining its emphasis on scholarship, quality, and long-term relationships within the global field of Asian art.Condition: Very good condition with expected wear and minor casting irregularities, including small areas of pitting, shallow cast recesses, and slight warping. There are light surface scratches, tiny nicks and losses, and minor rubbing to the gilding. Remnants of an ancient lacquer coating remain, together with traces of old varnish and pigments. The sealing is original, and the seal plate retains faint remnants of red lacquer, as is typical for this corpus.Conservation: At the time this sculpture was acquired by Becker Antiques, the surface retained substantial remnants of old lacquer gilding. On the front-facing areas, however, the lacquer was already heavily worn, with evident flaking, areas of loss, and clear traces of handling and accumulated soiling. A limited, strictly conservative cleaning was therefore undertaken on these areas, with the sole aim of removing surface accretions and allowing the underlying fire gilding and sculptural detail to read more clearly. The reverse, base, and remaining areas were deliberately left untouched in order to preserve the lacquer layer applied over the original gilding. As observed repeatedly within this corpus, such lacquer coatings are generally understood to have been added at a later date — most often in the 16th or 17th century — and do not form part of the original production from the early 15th century.Weight: 2,927 g Dimensions: Height 23.5 cmThis image is representative of a group of Buddhist figures made in China during the first half of the fifteenth century that displays a style influenced by the art of Tibet. In the preceding century under the Yuan Dynasty, the authority of Mongol rulers had become closely associated with Tibetan Buddhist or Lamaist rituals. The tradition of Lamaist art continued into the Ming period and prevailed in works of art such as the present example. Missions to Tibet were sent during the early part of the Ming dynasty and sought to maintain good relations with the Tibetan lamas, and images such as the present lot appear to have been made as gifts that were exchanged on such visits.The best of Imperial bronzes from the Yongle period are regarded for their refinement, exquisite gilding, and precision to detail. Incorporating elements from India, Tibet, and Nepal, this syncretic style was introduced by Newari artists employed in the Yuan court between the late 13th and 14th centuries. In its round yet well-proportioned face and plump upper torso, this gilt bronze ranks close among its type. Its Newari aesthetic is unmistakable not only in the voluptuous lotus petals and lavish jewelry, but in Manjushri's sensuous movement as he sways his hip to one side, causing his dhoti and the ends of the scarf draped over his shoulders to gently twist in response.The Yongle Emperor was likely introduced to Tibetan Buddhism and became interested in it around 1380, when he was enfeoffed in Beijing, and of course he had strong ties to the Mongol military elite, who were also adherents of Lamaist Buddhism, so it appears that he continued to practice this form of Buddhism for the rest of his life. Certainly, more works of art depicting Lamaist Buddhist deities and imagery were produced during his reign period than under any other Chinese Emperor, with the exception of Qianlong. Based on the extant number of bronzes depicting the Lord of Wisdom in various forms, the Yongle Emperor likely viewed himself to be the living incarnation of Manjushri in the aspect of an almighty ruler and spiritual successor to the Yuan. For further discussion of this topic see J.C.Y. Watt and D.P. Leidy, Defining Yongle: Imperial Art in Early Fifteenth-Century China, Yale University Press, 2005.Manjushri is the embodiment of the Perfection of Wisdom and resides in the Five Peak Mountain, Wutaishan, and is on earth to save people from ignorance. It is believed that Manjushri was instructed by Shakyamuni to transmit his teachings and his residence, Wutaishan, became one of the major centres of pilgrimage for his followers.Expert's note on metallurgy:XRF readings identified a copper alloy composed primarily of Cu (~63%), Zn (~33%), and Pb (~4%), indicating a leaded brass. Published analyses of early Ming imperial gilt bronzes of the Yongle and Xuande periods frequently report Zn contents of roughly 20-35% and Pb contents of about 2-6%, placing the present composition within these scientifically documented ranges. Two measurements were taken: one on a cleaned gilded surface and one on an uncleaned interior bronze surface. Lighter elements such as Al and Si vary noticeably between the two readings. This variation is most plausibly explained by surface contamination associated with patina and mineral residues on the untreated surface, whereas the cleaned gilded area shows markedly lower values. Overall, the alloy composition and surface characteristics are consistent with those documented for early Ming imperial gilt bronze sculptures.Literature comparison: Compare a closely related gilt-bronze figure of Manjushri, with a Yongle mark and of the period, 27.1 cm high, in the Potala Palace Collection, Lhasa, illustrated by Ulrich von Schroeder, Buddhist Sculpture in Tibet, vol. II, p. 1283, no. 359B. Compare a related gilt-bronze figure of Amitayus, unmarked and dated to the Xuande period, 28.3 cm high, illustrated by von Schroeder, Indo-Tibetan Bronzes, p. 147, no. 147A.Auction result comparison: Type: Closely related Auction: Christie's London, 3 November 2020, lot 71 Price: GBP 50,000 or approx. EUR 73,500 converted and adjusted for inflation at the time of writing : A gilt-bronze figure of Manjusri, Ming dynasty Expert remark: Compare the closely related modeling, manner of casting, and subject. Note the related size (25 cm). Also note that the gilding on this figure is lost entirely.Auction result comparison: Type: Closely related Auction: Christie's London, 6 November 2007, lot 115 Price: GBP 120,500 or approx. EUR 229,000 converted and adjusted for inflation at the time of writing : A finely cast gilt-bronze figure of a seated Amithaba, Yongle Expert remark: Compare the closely related modeling, manner of casting, and gilding. Note the size (19.2 cm). Also note that this figure is unmarked.Auction result comparison: Type: Closely relatedAuction: Christie's Hong Kong, 26 November 2014, lot 3106Price: HKD 18,040,000 or approx. EUR 2,521,000 converted and adjusted for inflation at the time of writing: An extremely rare gilt-bronze figure of Manjusri, Yongle incised six-character presentation mark and of the periodExpert remark: Compare the closely related modeling, manner of casting, gilding, and subject. Note the similar size (24.9 cm). Also note the incised Imperial reign mark.Auction result comparison: Type: Closely relatedAuction: Bonhams London, 7 November 2024, lot 70Price: GBP 190,900 or approx. EUR 231,000 converted and adjusted for inflation at the time of writing: A magnificent and rare gilt-bronze figure of Green Tara, Yongle/Xuande effaced mark and of the periodExpert remark: Compare the closely related modeling, manner of casting, and gilding. Note the similar size (25 cm). Also note the effaced reign mark.

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